German election live: Conservatives projected to win and far-right AfD in second | Germany
What we know so far
Exit poll results
The conservative CDU/CSU party is expected to be the largest party in the next German parliament, at about 29% of the vote, with Friedrich Merz in pole position to be Germany’s next chancellor.
The far-right Alternative für Deutschland is expected to come second, with the record-high 20% of the vote, almost doubling its share in 2021 (10.4%).
The ruling Social Democratic party is expected to come third at about 16%, its worst result in a federal election.
Both the liberal FDP and the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance are very close to the 5% electoral threshold.
<div class=\"atom\" data-svelte-h=\"svelte-1a0yet2\"><div class=\"interactive-wrapper svelte-9mnz0u\"><h2>Latest German opinion polls</h2> <div class=\"gv-chart-wrapper svelte-9mnz0u\"><div class=\"gv-tt\"><div class=\"gv-tt__date\"></div> <div class=\"gv-tt__subhead\">14-day rolling average %</div> <table><tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"CDU/CSU\"></span>CDU/CSU</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-CDU\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"SPD\"></span>SPD</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-SPD\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"GRÜNE\"></span>Grüne</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-GRÜNE\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"FDP\"></span>FDP</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-FDP\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"AfD\"></span>AfD</td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"LINKE\"></span>Linke</td></tr></table></div> <svg class=\"gv-chart-svg\"></svg> <div class=\"gv-caption\"><span>Source: Guardian moving average of recent poll data from\n wahlrecht.de,</span>\n last updated <span class=\"gv-caption__updated\"></span></div></div></div> </div></div>"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740310774000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740324551000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"16.29 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740324112000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"16.21 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"16.21","title":"What is the voting system?","contributors":[{"name":"Jon Henley","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2016/09/22/Jon-Henley.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=49db88bf6fc8b042c62d52be8afd87ae","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/06/Jon_Henley,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cf23d4c141249ac9dd9f5c331c359f12"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67bb36b48f08089227381df8","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Earlier this weekend, I also spoke with <strong>Dr Raphael Bossong </strong>of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs for this blog to get his take on the election and ask him to guide us through the vote.</p>","elementId":"ab440cea-978b-41b5-8f01-afb82bb2dae7"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>You will hear from him more throughout the day, but I started by asking him why <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/europe-news\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Europe</a> should take note of the vote.</p>","elementId":"86a40b78-9572-4da3-ade3-fbb15c6f5ae8"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.BlockquoteBlockElement","html":"<blockquote>\n <p><em>Well, it’s a decisive election. I mean, they always say that, but definitely this one is really important for Germany and for Europe at the same time.</em></p>\n <p><em>The tasks for the next government are bigger than ever.</em></p>\n</blockquote>","elementId":"0882dae2-1695-4444-b41a-9f80a77ee436"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Watch what he had to say:</p>","elementId":"2c1811b4-97de-4c35-b71c-7846edb6c4a2"},{"expired":false,"assetId":"y_mRJBHCsuU","posterImage":[{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/412d74dc0c64461e3f2802a9bbc56447e7e2fa7c/0_0_1920_1080/1000.jpg","width":1000},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/412d74dc0c64461e3f2802a9bbc56447e7e2fa7c/0_0_1920_1080/500.jpg","width":500},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/412d74dc0c64461e3f2802a9bbc56447e7e2fa7c/0_0_1920_1080/140.jpg","width":140},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/412d74dc0c64461e3f2802a9bbc56447e7e2fa7c/0_0_1920_1080/1920.jpg","width":1920}],"id":"55bb252d-0fd5-4308-8b67-3b07439442a1","elementId":"616818b8-2acd-47fa-84fc-34f81e78a2e7","duration":62,"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.YoutubeBlockElement","mediaTitle":"'It's a decisive election': Germans prepare to elect new chancellor – video","channelId":"UCIRYBXDze5krPDzAEOxFGVA"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740322484000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"15.54 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740322800000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"16.00 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740322801000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"16.00 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"16.00","title":"What’s at stake in this election? – expert says","contributors":[{"name":"Jakub Krupa","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=41cc9981ec7b067e2d3b5391c5a68a4f","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4a039a2b765744058f3c2c677268513e"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 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vote casts her vote at a polling station in Berlin.","caption":"A vote casts her vote at a polling station in Berlin.","credit":"Photograph: Philipp-Moritz Jenne/AP"}},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Voter turnout at the ballot box by 2pm was <strong>at 52%</strong>, up from 36.5% at the same time in 2021 (+15.5pp, but take note that the 2021 election took place during the Covid-19 pandemic, so some voters opted for postal vote instead), German federal electoral authorities have just confirmed.</p>","elementId":"ca99760b-7363-4d57-b009-5200cc8b486d"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Looking at the state-by-state breakdown from earlier in the day, <a href=\"https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article255498964/Bundestagswahl-2025-Wahlbeteiligung-in-Thueringen-20-Prozent-hoeher-als-2021-Liveticker.html\">reported by Welt</a>, it seems like there was a particularly high turnout in the state of <strong>Thuringia</strong> (44.5% at midday, up from 24.6% in 2021), which is an AfD stronghold and where the far-right party won the state elections in September last year.</p>","elementId":"4442dc1b-6530-4aef-86a3-f91ebd7560b8"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Berlin also reported a higher turnout at noon with 33%, up from 25.4% in 2021.</p>","elementId":"842446b7-0bfd-4e36-ad8e-2a448919b2df"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.RichLinkBlockElement","prefix":"Related: ","text":"Scholz urges German parties to exclude far right as AfD poised for state election victory","elementId":"3238dc63-929c-431c-b7d6-2e3c15f31d25","role":"thumbnail","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/01/german-far-right-party-afd-state-election-victory-thuringia"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740321787000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"15.43 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740322973000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"16.02 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740322435000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"15.53 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"15.53","title":"High turnout reported by 2pm","contributors":[],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67bb2e6d8f0835381101aa9c","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Opinion is divided as <strong>Germany</strong> faces what some describe as the “most important election in their lifetime”. The country is expected to shift to the right as <strong>Friedrich Merz</strong> is in pole position to become Germany’s next chancellor, while far-right party <strong>AfD</strong> could become the second most powerful party.</p>","elementId":"e0a98d97-5280-4b82-90b7-7f31cedcbda5"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>So earlier today I asked voters at a polling station in central Berlin <strong>what they expected from the election</strong> and <strong>what they wanted the next chancellor to focus on.</strong></p>","elementId":"40e8e634-7926-4460-8d8f-0581130dddf6"},{"expired":false,"assetId":"ybKbEARpmj8","posterImage":[{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/c21c0e91c523b1141b5e1c4af27e58b5ec054b22/329_161_1270_714/1000.jpg","width":1000},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/c21c0e91c523b1141b5e1c4af27e58b5ec054b22/329_161_1270_714/500.jpg","width":500},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/c21c0e91c523b1141b5e1c4af27e58b5ec054b22/329_161_1270_714/140.jpg","width":140},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/c21c0e91c523b1141b5e1c4af27e58b5ec054b22/329_161_1270_714/1270.jpg","width":1270}],"id":"d0ed70fc-9d24-4b09-b004-7c4d0472c096","elementId":"d8c3c8f4-c8b7-4ba5-84df-490094945c9b","duration":101,"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.YoutubeBlockElement","mediaTitle":"'Exciting and a bit scary': German voters react ahead of election – video","channelId":"UCIRYBXDze5krPDzAEOxFGVA"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740320365000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"15.19 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740321702000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"15.41 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740321702000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"15.41 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"15.41","title":"'Exciting and a bit scary': German voters react ahead of election – video","contributors":[{"name":"Jakub Krupa","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=41cc9981ec7b067e2d3b5391c5a68a4f","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4a039a2b765744058f3c2c677268513e"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67bac20d8f086d3992205245","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><em>Europe correspondent</em></p>","elementId":"769712d7-73e3-4a37-bf66-03761ee5bc31"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.InteractiveAtomBlockElement","css":"@charset \"UTF-8\";@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format(\"woff2\"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format(\"woff\"),url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format(\"truetype\");font-weight:300;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:Guardian Headline Full;src:url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) 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71.24em){.gv-caption{padding-left:10px}}.gv-threshold{font-size:12px;fill:#999;background-color:#fff;z-index:300}[data-party=SPD]{fill:#c70000;background:#c70000}[data-party=\"CDU/CSU\"]{fill:#333;background:#333}[data-party=FDP]{fill:#f5be2c;background:#f5be2c}[data-party=BSW]{fill:#bd5318;background:#bd5318}[data-party=GRÜNE]{fill:#3db540;background:#3db540}[data-party=AfD]{fill:#005689;background:#005689}[data-party=LINKE]{fill:#951d7a;background:#951d7a}[data-party-line=SPD]{stroke:#c70000}[data-party-line=\"CDU/CSU\"]{stroke:#333}[data-party-line=FDP]{stroke:#f5be2c}[data-party-line=LINKE]{stroke:#951d7a}[data-party-line=GRÜNE]{stroke:#3db540}[data-party-line=AfD]{stroke:#005689}[data-party-line=BSW]{stroke:#bd5318}\n","url":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/embed/atom/interactive/interactives%2F2024%2F11%2Fgerman-opinion-polls%2Fdefault","id":"interactives/2024/11/german-opinion-polls/default","elementId":"4c584973-38d6-4458-b81b-556a30e8d383","js":"\n var el = document.createElement('script');\n el.src="https://interactive.guim.co.uk/atoms/2024/11/german-opinion-polls/default/v/1737541389639/app.js";\n document.body.appendChild(el);\n ","title":"Svelte atom template","html":"<div id=\"gv-atom\"> <div class=\"atom\" data-svelte-h=\"svelte-1a0yet2\"><div class=\"interactive-wrapper svelte-9mnz0u\"><h2>Latest German opinion polls</h2> <div class=\"gv-chart-wrapper svelte-9mnz0u\"><div class=\"gv-tt\"><div class=\"gv-tt__date\"></div> <div class=\"gv-tt__subhead\">14-day rolling average %</div> <table><tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"CDU/CSU\"></span>CDU/CSU</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-CDU\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"SPD\"></span>SPD</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-SPD\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"GRÜNE\"></span>Grüne</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-GRÜNE\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"FDP\"></span>FDP</td> <td id=\"gv-avg-FDP\" class=\"gv-tt__avg\"></td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"AfD\"></span>AfD</td></tr> <tr><td><span class=\"gv-blob\" data-party=\"LINKE\"></span>Linke</td></tr></table></div> <svg class=\"gv-chart-svg\"></svg> <div class=\"gv-caption\"><span>Source: Guardian moving average of recent poll data from\n wahlrecht.de,</span>\n last updated <span class=\"gv-caption__updated\"></span></div></div></div> </div></div>"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>There seems little doubt that, barring any major surprises, the conservative <strong>Merz</strong> will be Germany’s next chancellor. <strong>The CDU</strong> and its Bavarian sister party, <strong>the Christian Social Union (CSU)</strong>, have been <strong>consistently and comfortably ahead</strong> in the polls on about 30%, with the <strong>Alternative für Deutschland</strong> second on 20-21%.</p>","elementId":"26352544-f6e3-4e90-a5b2-76eff5e9e75d"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>There is no apparent route to power for the far-right AfD since all other parties have ruled out working with a party they consider undemocratic.</p>","elementId":"e74fc423-e823-44f1-b140-907e86c892f2"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>According to the <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/jan/07/german-election-2025-opinion-poll-tracker-bundestag-chancellor\">Guardian’s poll tracker</a>, <strong>the SPD</strong> are third on about 15% and the Greens fourth on <strong>13%</strong>. The leftwing <strong>Die Linke</strong> are predicted to clear the 5% hurdle and expected to secure around 7-8% but it looks far from certain that the “conservative-left” <strong>Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance</strong> (BSW) or liberal <strong>FDP</strong> will do the same.</p>","elementId":"a92555ba-3b7c-4d22-a73f-1ae27e4dc65b"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Depending on whether that trio (plus the local associations of Free Voters (FW), who could do well in Bavaria) score 5% or more, or qualify via the three-seat exception, <strong>the next assembly could have four parties or eight, the most in modern history.</strong></p>","elementId":"5e1ed74f-7067-4f2c-bc82-6d33edc4aad1"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>That makes the distribution of seats in the new parliament <strong>very hard to predict.</strong> However, most analysts see the most likely outcome being a CDU-led coalition government including either Scholz’s Social Democrats or the Greens, or maybe both.</p>","elementId":"7c116711-d0de-49cf-a4a0-c72873ca8249"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740310774000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740317435000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"14.30 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740317435000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"14.30 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"14.30","title":"What do the polls say?","contributors":[{"name":"Jon Henley","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2016/09/22/Jon-Henley.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=49db88bf6fc8b042c62d52be8afd87ae","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/06/Jon_Henley,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cf23d4c141249ac9dd9f5c331c359f12"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67babdb98f0835381101a89c","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><em>Europe correspondent</em></p>","elementId":"ac00fba5-c4e0-445e-9a6f-dc4b2c20de08"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><strong>The Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union in Bavaria</strong> (CDU/CSU) frontrunners, led by wealthy former asset manager <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/10/who-is-friedrich-merz-germany-next-chancellor-scholz-merkel\">Friedrich Merz</a>, are proposing to cut taxes, tighten welfare eligibility, slash immigration, process asylum claims abroad, and boost aid to Ukraine.</p>","elementId":"918e3fa4-6d1a-4b15-bf50-55f03ff10a9f"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The far-right <strong>Alternative für Deutschland</strong> (AfD) has endorsed the concept of “re-migration”, threatening the mass deportation of migrants. It also pledges a return to the deutschmark, military conscription, and sweeping education reforms.</p>","elementId":"dcca42cd-6868-453a-a41e-66fafa3962a6"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Scholz’s <strong>Social Democratic party (SPD)</strong> aims to support low-income families by cutting VAT on food and tax for low earners and raising the minimum wage. It also aims to curb immigration and proposes a €100bn infrastructure investment fund, but is more cautious on Ukraine. Scholz has refused to send long-range Taurus missiles to Kyiv, defending the decision as a “prudent” anti-escalation measure.</p>","elementId":"bceb07c1-98ae-4b1e-8350-d42b835d199c"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><strong>The Greens</strong> have announced plans for a “billionaire tax” to help poorer households through the green transition. They are also in favour of increasing the minimum wage and are pushing for incentives to speed up the switch to renewable 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posters, showing German chancellor Olaf Scholz, right, and CDU top candidate Friedrich Merz, stand on a meadow in Nieder-Erlenbach near Frankfurt.","caption":"Election posters, showing German chancellor Olaf Scholz, right, and CDU top candidate Friedrich Merz, stand on a meadow in Nieder-Erlenbach near Frankfurt.","credit":"Photograph: Michael Probst/AP"}}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740310774000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740314884000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"13.48 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740314884000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"13.48 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"13.48","title":"Who are the key players and what have they promised?","contributors":[{"name":"Jon Henley","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2016/09/22/Jon-Henley.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=49db88bf6fc8b042c62d52be8afd87ae","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/06/Jon_Henley,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cf23d4c141249ac9dd9f5c331c359f12"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67babb568f08089227381baf","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><em>Europe correspondent</em></p>","elementId":"46510246-30c0-4985-b6e5-dcd267e378d3"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The <strong>three-way “traffic-light” coalition</strong> of Social Democrats (SPD), Free Democrats (FDP) and Greens ruling Germany since 2021 <strong><a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/06/german-government-on-brink-of-collapse-after-olaf-scholz-sacks-finance-minister\">collapsed in November</a></strong> under the weight of its own ideological contradictions and the country’s economic and security challenges.</p>","elementId":"408242ab-28ff-4613-afc5-d1df8d45c790"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The outgoing Social Democrat chancellor, <strong>Olaf Scholz</strong>, <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/06/german-government-on-brink-of-collapse-after-olaf-scholz-sacks-finance-minister\">fired his liberal finance minister, Christian Lindner</a>, over a bitter months-long budget dispute, then called a confidence vote in parliament deliberately in order to lose it – <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/16/german-chancellor-olaf-scholz-loses-confidence-vote-triggering-early-elections\">which he duly did</a>.</p>","elementId":"6d2f795f-c156-4710-b43c-9e83f71b241e"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Whoever becomes chancellor will have to tackle an economy beset by high energy and labour costs, stifling bureaucracy, <a href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/germany-bridge-in-dresden-collapses-into-elbe-river/a-70185172\">crumbling infrastructure</a> and an economy that has <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/german-economy-shrinks-for-second-year-in-a-row-2024\">shrunk for two consecutive years</a> for the first time in decades.</p>","elementId":"673fd295-41f1-4681-884c-295c35fd02e9"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/18/china-economy-slow-growth-yuan\">slowdown with trade partner China</a> has dealt a blow to German exports, a traditional strength, while the key car industry has been <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/nov/14/germany-car-industry-donald-trump-tariffs\">slow to develop attractive electric vehicles (EVs)</a> and now faces the threat of US tariffs under Donald Trump.</p>","elementId":"3fe59748-3977-4c5e-8588-13221e275095"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><strong>Optimists</strong> say the vote could give <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/germany\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Germany</a> a vital shot at investment, modernisation and renewal. <strong>Pessimists</strong> say the problems are so structural and expectations so high that the middle-of-the-road coalition that will probably emerge is doomed to 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chancellor Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic party (SPD) looks up from the stage at a citizens’ dialogue in Brandenburg, one day ahead of the national election.","caption":"German chancellor Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic party (SPD) looks up from the stage at a citizens’ dialogue in Brandenburg, one day ahead of the national election.","credit":"Photograph: Carsten Koall/AP"}}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740310774000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740312506000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"13.08 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740312506000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"13.08 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"13.08","title":"Why does the German election matter?","contributors":[{"name":"Jon Henley","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2016/09/22/Jon-Henley.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=49db88bf6fc8b042c62d52be8afd87ae","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2017/10/06/Jon_Henley,_L.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=cf23d4c141249ac9dd9f5c331c359f12"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"},{"id":"67bab6bf8f086d399220521d","elements":[{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p><strong>Guten Tag</strong>, and good day from <strong>Berlin</strong>.</p>","elementId":"ef4a105f-3ce9-4214-9b03-8db3694d882e"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Sixty million <strong>Germans</strong> choose their next government today, which will lead Europe’s largest economy through what will most likely be the most tumultuous era in decades.</p>","elementId":"03605d12-4adf-4e54-bf5e-70c8c13bde6b"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>Voters have to choose who will be given the task of steering <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/germany\" data-component=\"auto-linked-tag\">Germany</a> through an <strong>existential security crisis in Europe</strong> with Ukraine and Russia, while at the same time facing unprecedented<strong> structural challenges to the country’s economic model</strong> amid a <strong>worsening geopolitical outlook abroad</strong>, most obviously characterised by a <strong>crumbling transatlantic alliance</strong> with the new US administration of Donald Trump.</p>","elementId":"12a316bb-881f-4e72-a3db-d0ea7e2d2477"},{"displayCredit":true,"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement","role":"inline","media":{"allImages":[{"index":0,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","height":"2631","width":"4384"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/4384.jpg"},{"index":1,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","isMaster":"true","height":"2631","width":"4384"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg"},{"index":2,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","height":"1200","width":"2000"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/2000.jpg"},{"index":3,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","height":"600","width":"1000"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/1000.jpg"},{"index":4,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","height":"300","width":"500"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/500.jpg"},{"index":5,"fields":{"aspectRatio":"5:3","height":"84","width":"140"},"mediaType":"Image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/140.jpg"}]},"elementId":"7839594c-904c-49f7-b9aa-5b0b55c87d30","imageSources":[{"weighting":"inline","srcSet":[{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8cbc78f9069cfcc32c8cf52f2b5b0c02","width":620},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=90cfc4b14d364e8d88ae094cda3985c8","width":1240},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c7e7c35cf334ab6ab523bcf5c1bf4d61","width":605},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=51560b7b1c7ef22bab460fb4c3f7a2f1","width":1210},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d6705aabf406e4d05db8a136d6f3b9bc","width":445},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=8448ca7accf6eb440548b843c60f5835","width":890}]},{"weighting":"thumbnail","srcSet":[{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=140&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9cbdb91d603903d3e94250dfcb1397ba","width":140},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=140&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=f31651018413bb6725fe20a56016b978","width":280},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=120&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=813cda0a2e2d48f13bd691d16065636c","width":120},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=120&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=ed53fa7ad94db1bdcca51f913e8527c5","width":240}]},{"weighting":"supporting","srcSet":[{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=380&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=faba00fab03aa809c6e4b4add4d8f887","width":380},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=380&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=37d0246fc7c36219781cdb264f0452bf","width":760},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e3c031ba5b5ef08aef554e8588f85826","width":300},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=300&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=3e64848407f5fd84270aa9372e171456","width":600},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8cbc78f9069cfcc32c8cf52f2b5b0c02","width":620},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5918309d19de3b04de3926090f2a45385fe96a2b/0_146_4384_2631/master/4384.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=90cfc4b14d364e8d88ae094cda3985c8","width":1240},{"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/me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man makes soap bubbles in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.","caption":"A man makes soap bubbles in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.","credit":"Photograph: Michael Probst/AP"}},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The conservative opposition chief <strong>Friedrich Merz</strong> is widely expected to score a win and get the job. But other than that, there are more questions than answers. Who will he govern with? How many parties will get into the Bundestag? Will the far-right once again see record rises in their support, and if so, what will this mean for German politics?</p>","elementId":"b5fb50b1-c2f0-4328-b727-e028ccb77738"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>The polling stations have been open since 8am local time (7am GMT) and will close at <strong>6pm local time</strong> (5pm GMT) when we should get an exit poll and a first indication of what awaits Germany next.</p>","elementId":"4bea3353-df05-4246-a88f-87472c3df4de"},{"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.TextBlockElement","html":"<p>We will bring you all the key updates throughout the day, helping you to understand the context of the vote, summarising the main themes of the campaign, and bringing first-hand reports from on the ground in Berlin.</p>","elementId":"78d90150-5648-402d-b8b7-163ff5a0c550"},{"expired":false,"assetId":"HSrg6_CCtH8","posterImage":[{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/15dc9d7490f81e9926bab756a9bfb5e208fd600c/0_0_1920_1080/1000.jpg","width":1000},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/15dc9d7490f81e9926bab756a9bfb5e208fd600c/0_0_1920_1080/500.jpg","width":500},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/15dc9d7490f81e9926bab756a9bfb5e208fd600c/0_0_1920_1080/140.jpg","width":140},{"url":"https://media.guim.co.uk/15dc9d7490f81e9926bab756a9bfb5e208fd600c/0_0_1920_1080/1920.jpg","width":1920}],"id":"0ffc1362-1d23-438a-a9d3-12dc825acddd","elementId":"b951b82e-0f9a-4b54-86a7-f833eae46629","duration":33,"_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.YoutubeBlockElement","mediaTitle":"The Guardian’s Jakub Krupa previews our German election coverage from Berlin – video","channelId":"UCIRYBXDze5krPDzAEOxFGVA"}],"attributes":{"pinned":false,"keyEvent":true,"summary":false},"blockCreatedOn":1740310774000,"blockCreatedOnDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockLastUpdated":1740310762000,"blockLastUpdatedDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockFirstPublished":1740310774000,"blockFirstPublishedDisplay":"12.39 CET","blockFirstPublishedDisplayNoTimezone":"12.39","title":"Opening: Germany votes","contributors":[{"name":"Jakub Krupa","imageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.jpg?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=41cc9981ec7b067e2d3b5391c5a68a4f","largeImageUrl":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2025/01/22/Jakub_Krupa.png?width=300&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=4a039a2b765744058f3c2c677268513e"}],"primaryDateLine":"Sun 23 Feb 2025 18.41 CET","secondaryDateLine":"First published on Sun 23 Feb 2025 12.39 CET"}],"filterKeyEvents":false,"id":"key-events-carousel-mobile","absoluteServerTimes":false,"renderingTarget":"Web"}">
Key events
CDU/CSU's Merz claims victory, says no time to waste in forming government
German conservative candidate for chancellor and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party leader Friedrich Merz reacts after the exit poll results are announced for the 2025 general election, in Berlin. Photograph: Kai Pfaffenbach/Reuters
Merz hails “a historic election evening,” as he claims the victory in this election.
He says he knows the responsibility and the scale of the task ahead, and acknowledges at times “very tough” election campaign, touching on issues of economic policy, migration, foreign and security policy.
But he says he is confident of being able “to create a government capable of acting in Germany’s interest” soon, as he tells party faithful that “the world out there is not waiting for us and for lengthy negotiations.”
CDU/CSU leader and most likely next German chancellor Friedrich Merz is now on stage.
We will bring you his words as soon as possible.
'Bitter evening,' SPD general secretary says
SPD general secretary Matthias Miersch has been speaking to the media in the last few minutes.
He describes the projected result, the party’s worst in a federal election, as a “historic defeat,” admitting it is “a very bitter evening.”
‘Merz to be next chancellor’ – first reactions
“The Union has won the election, the new chancellor will be called Friedrich Merz,” said the general secretary of the Christian Democratic Union, Carsten Linnemann, said after exit polls put the party firmly in first place after today’s election, just short of its target of 30%.
The co-leader of the Alternative für Deutschland, Alice Weidel, said the party had become “the second strongest force” and was now “firmly anchored” in the German mainstream.
She suggested she would be open to discussing a role in the next government. “We extend our hand to offer cooperation with the CDU. Otherwise change won’t be possible in Germany,” she said.
During the campaign, the Conservative parties repeatedly dismissed any prospect of a coalition with the far right.
What we know so far
Exit poll results
The conservative CDU/CSU party is expected to be the largest party in the next German parliament, at about 29% of the vote, with Friedrich Merz in pole position to be Germany’s next chancellor.
The far-right Alternative für Deutschland is expected to come second, with the record-high 20% of the vote, almost doubling its share in 2021 (10.4%).
The ruling Social Democratic party is expected to come third at about 16%, its worst result in a federal election.
Both the liberal FDP and the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance are very close to the 5% electoral threshold.
Projected result for ZDF
CDU/CSU 28.5% AfD 20% SPD 16.5% Greens 12% The Left 9% BSW 5% FDP 5%
(via ZDF)
Projected result for ARD1
CDU/CSU 29% AfD 19.5% SPD 16% Greens 13.5% The Left 8.5% FDP 4.9% BSW 4.7%
(via ARD1)
CDU/CSU projected winner of 2025 German election
Friedrich Merz of the CDU (left) and Markus Söder of the CSU. Merz is the coalition’s candidate for chancellor. Photograph: Johannes Simon/Getty Images
What to look out for in exit polls?
Can the CDU/CSU go above 30% to give it a chance of governing in a two-party coalition?
Is the AfD’s result in line with pre-election polls, at around 20-21%, or higher?
How many parties will be in the next parliament? The more are in, the more difficult any coalition talks will be.
Five minutes to go.
Friedrich Merz of the CDU (left) and Markus Söder of the CSU. Merz is the coalition’s candidate for chancellor. Photograph: Johannes Simon/Getty Images
At party headquarters – in pictures
Eight minutes to go.
Let’s take a quick look at what’s going on in party HQs.
A man shows stickers in support of German conservative candidate for chancellor and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party leader Friedrich Merz at the CDU party headquarters in Berlin. Photograph: Kai Pfaffenbach/ReutersLeader of far right AfD Alice Weidel is seen on screen at the AfD party headquarters in Berlin. Photograph: Michael Probst/APSupporters of the Germany’s Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance party (BSW) wait for the first exit polls in the German general elections in Berlin. Photograph: Axel Schmidt/Reuters