Pavel Durov, the Russian-born billionaire founder and owner of the Telegram messaging app, was arrested at Le Bourget airport outside Paris shortly after landing on a private jet late Saturday and placed in custody, three sources told Reuters.

The arrest of the 39-year-old technology billionaire prompted a warning on Sunday from Moscow to Paris that he should be accorded his rights, and criticism from X owner Elon Musk, who said that free speech in Europe was under attack.

There was no official confirmation from France of the arrest, but two French police sources and one Russian source who spoke on condition of anonymity said that Durov was arrested shortly after arriving at Le Bourget airport on a private jet from Azerbaijan.

One of the two French police sources said that ahead of the jet's arrival, police had noticed Durov was on the passenger list and moved to arrest him because he was the subject of an arrest warrant in France.

"Telegram abides by EU laws, including the Digital Services Act — its moderation is within industry standards and constantly improving," Telegram said in a statement about the arrest.

"Telegram's CEO Pavel Durov has nothing to hide and travels frequently in Europe," it said. "It is absurd to claim that a platform or its owner are responsible for abuse of that platform."

Durov, who has dual French and United Arab Emirates citizenship, was arrested as part of a preliminary police investigation into allegedly allowing a wide range of crimes due to a lack of moderators on Telegram and a lack of co-operation with police, a third French police source said.

A cybersecurity armed forces unit and France's national anti-fraud police unit are leading the investigation, that source said, adding that the investigative judge was specialized in organized crime.

"We're awaiting a prompt resolution of this situation. Telegram is with you all," the company said.

The French Interior Ministry, police and Paris prosecutor's office had no comment.

Russian lawmaker Maria Butina, who spent 15 months in U.S. prison for acting as an unregistered Russian agent, said Durov "is a political prisoner — a victim of a witch hunt by the West." Durov's arrest led news bulletins in Russia.

Telegram, based in Dubai, was founded by Durov, who left Russia in 2014 after refusing to comply with demands to shut down opposition communities on his VK social media platform, which he has sold.

The encrypted application, with close to one billion users, is particularly influential in Russia, Ukraine and the republics of the former Soviet Union. It is ranked as one of the major social media platforms after Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, TikTok and WeChat.

'Virtual battlefield'

Durov, who is estimated by Forbes to have a fortune of $15.5 billion US, said in April that while some governments had sought to pressure him, the app should remain a neutral platform and not a "player in geopolitics."

He came up with the idea for an encrypted messaging app while facing pressure in Russia. His younger brother, Nikolai, designed the encryption.

"I would rather be free than to take orders from anyone," Durov said in April about his exit from Russia and search for a home for his company, which included stints in Berlin, London, Singapore and San Francisco.

After Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Telegram has become the main source of unfiltered — and sometimes graphic and misleading — content from both sides about the war and the politics surrounding the conflict.

The platform has become what some analysts call "a virtual battlefield" for the war, used heavily by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and his officials, as well as the Russian government.

Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry said it had sent a note to Paris demanding access to Durov, although it said that he had French citizenship.

Former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said that Durov had misjudged by fleeing Russia and thinking that he would never have to co-operate with the security services abroad.

Medvedev, who regularly uses Telegram to criticize and insult the West, said Durov wanted to be a "brilliant 'man of the world' who lives wonderfully without a Motherland."

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"He miscalculated," Medvedev said. "For all our common enemies now, he is Russian — and therefore unpredictable and dangerous."

Russia began blocking Telegram in 2018 after the app refused to comply with a court order granting state security services access to its users' encrypted messages.

The action interrupted many third-party services but had little effect on the availability of Telegram there. The ban order, however, sparked mass protests in Moscow and criticism from NGOs.

Platform under scrutiny

Telegram says it "is committed to protecting user privacy and human rights such as freedom of speech and assembly."

Durov has previously accused U.S. law enforcement agencies such as the FBI of seeking to get a back door into the platform. The FBI has not commented on those allegations.

Telegram's increasing popularity, however, has prompted scrutiny from several countries in Europe, including France, on security and data breach concerns.

Musk, the billionaire owner of X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter, said after reports of Durov's detention: "It's 2030 in Europe and you're being executed for liking a meme."

Outside the French Embassy in Moscow, a lone protester held a sign reading: "Liberté pour Pavel Durov."